Every year, 4,500 Americans die waiting for a kidney transplant. It’s not just because there aren’t enough donors—part of the problem is that donors need to be compatible to prevent the recipient’s body from rejecting the new kidney. They need the right blood type, but they also have to have the right combination of six antigens–molecules on a cell that have the capacity to trigger an immune response. Any two random people have a one in 100,000 chance that all six antigens will match, and even then it’s not a guarantee that the kidney won’t be rejected.
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